This is a fascinating article. I'm not a linguist, but was able to follow their arguments.

My (admitted non-practitioner) criticism is that their analysis looks at the corpus of only one writer. They pick up significant differences in language use between true articles and articles where it is known the writer was intending to deceive. What's not clear is whether this difference is larger or smaller than the obvious differences in language use between authors. If smaller, their technique is only useful for analyzing the body of work of an individual, but isn't that useful for checking whether texts from a different author are deceptive.

Wear a cloth mask? Doesn't need to be a tight weave or medical grade to exclude bugs, so wouldn't have to restrict your breathing.

I'm an organic chemist, not a metallurgist. I believe that conductivity and magnetism would be the same, but it's a little outside my wheelhouse.

You're not going to find pure Fe-54 or -56 in nature. They'll be mixed in more or less the natural abundance ratio anywhere you find iron. It's certainly possible to separate them; much easier than enriching uranium.

You would be very hard pressed to tell the two isotopes apart.

The density of Fe-54 would be slightly lower; a mole of Fe-54 would have the same volume, but would weigh 4% less than a mole of Fe-56. The difference in density could have some secondary effects like relative diffusion rates, etc.

The chemistry of the two isotopes would be identical, except that some reactions of Fe-54 would be slightly faster (specifically where a covalent bond to the iron is being broken in the reaction's transition state).

Ouch. I wasn't aware of OP's prior question.

I absolutely agree. Don't be messing around with sodium hydroxide if you don't know what you're doing...and your question demonstrates that you don't.

Contact with NaOH will eat through your skin, or blind your eyes. It'll chew through many things you might use to hold it.

Buy some silica gel packs if you want to dry an area. They're cheap and safe.

The easiest way is probably to just heat them under dry nitrogen or (even better) vacuum.

Assuming it's not soluble, you could dump in some solvent with a water azeotrope and distill it off.

When I was in grad school for chemistry, it was a doctoral program. That said, doctoral candidates were awarded master's degrees at about half way to one's PhD.

Many of the PhD candidates that washed out were granted master's to reflect their study beyond a BS.

Each tax credit in the US's baroque tax system is added via a new law, and is negotiated independently from all the others. So whether any given one is refundable depends on the specific horse trading at the time it's enacted.

Most tax credits are nonrefundable, meaning they can reduce the tax you owe, but if it's more than you owe, any excess just disappears. It's easier to get approved, because the cost is capped that way.

This type is often used to encourage some behavior or act, like installing solar panels or buying an electric car.

A few tax credits, mostly directed at low income tax payers, are set up as refundable to benefit the folks who need it most.

I'm not sure how to think about pressure at that ice-glass interface. Not saying "no", but I'm *guessing* not. I'm an organic chemist; maybe a physical chemist or a physicist could chime in.

Surface *energy* effects at interfaces are very important for adhesion. You can calculate a work of adhesion by summing up the relative surface energies of all the solid/solid and solid/gas interfaces. Both glass and metals tend to have rather high surface energy, making them easy to stick to.

This is a great question, and waaay more complicated than you might think. There's a symposium on ice adhesion at a scientific conference (the Adhesion Society Annual Meeting) that's been going on for years, which hints at just how complex it must be.

Surface texture can give a mechanical bond via a lock and key effect. But there's also some molecular level interactions; the surface of glass has a lot of Si-O-H groups, which hydrogen bond with water readily. Similarly, most metals have what's called a "native oxide" layer on the surface, which has similar M-O-H groups that can do the same thing.

Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon

Kill Bill

The optimal design of the nozzle changes depending on the ambient pressure, but liquid fueled chemical rockets work both in air and in space, and the pumping system can be designed to allow some throttling range.

The dry air is very tough on old lungs. Your instinct with the humidifier is good. Another thing that might help is having them drink as much liquid as they can - more than thirst makes them want.

If they have a heart condition they may be taking diuretics to manage their water balance. This exacerbates the effect of dry air, and makes drinking fluids even more important.

Pretty sure all the Witcher stories/novels were originally written in Polish, and the English versions are translations. You don't mention what your native language is, but the novels may well be available in one or more languages you're more comfortable with.

(That said, your post is in excellent English, so perhaps you aren't giving your ESL skill enough credit!)

Okja is a lot of fun.

I'm really interested in the new method(s) for end of life treatment of the blades. Could you expand on that, or post a link to somewhere that discusses it? Does it scale to high volume as we install more wind capacity?

Feels like a tough problem given the thermoset resin used.

I suspect they're referring to the heat of vaporization of water in the food. It takes a lot of energy to evaporate water. Now, this energy isn't "lost", but it does affect how much temperature rise you will observe.

When burning food samples to determine their caloric content, you'd normally carefully dry the food to avoid this effect.

The effect is identical between EV and ICE cars. It's just that a typical EV or hybrid driver is more interested in getting high energy efficiency compared to a typical ICE driver, and the manufacturer put money and resources on what will drive sales of each model.