I would say AI is the current example of this. It's developing faster than we know how to put it to use and we'll likely spend the next several decades implementing and improving it. The capacity for it to speed development of other new technologies is massive. We may even see fusion in the next 10 years thanks to AI.
I suspect AI will enable many other breakthrough technologies such as ultra high density batteries, fusion (as mentioned), nanotech, customizing humans through genomics, and massive advances in material science (which will bring untold advancements).